VOICE in detail by Mantu Kumar

                   VOICE    by Mantu Kumar

Voice : Voice refers to the form of a verb that indicates when a subject acts or is the receiver of the action.

There are two Voices of Transitive Verbs:
1. Active Voice
2. Passive Voice

1. Active Voice: When the subject performs the action it is active voice. /Subject is the doer of the action.
( जब कर्ता क्रिया करता है तो यह Active Voice होती है।/कर्ता काम करने वाला होता है।
2. Passive Voice: When the subject receives the action it is passive voice. /Subject is the receiver of the action.
जब कर्ता कार्रवाई प्राप्त करता है तो यह Passive Voice होती है। / विषय कार्रवाई का प्राप्तकर्ता है।

 Rules to Convert Active Voice into Passive Voice : 
Step 1 :- Active Voice के Object को Passive Voice में Subject की जगह लिखें।
Step 2 :- Subject और Tense के अनुसार Auxiliary Verb(AV)/Helping Verb(HV) का use करें।
Step 3 :- Main Verb का Third Form (MV³) लिखें। / Past Participle form of Main Verb (MV³).
Step 4 :- Preposition 'by' का प्रयोग करें।
(कभी - कभी Prepositions - to, in, at, with, etc का भी प्रयोग किया जाता है।)
Step 5 :- Active Voice के Subject को Passive Voice में Object की जगह लिखें।
Note : Passive Object के रूप में one, someone, nobody, people, somebody, no one, police, public, us, them, etc... का use नहीं होता है।

Voice Structures of all useful Tenses :-

1. Simple Present/Present Indefinite Tense 
Structure 
Active Voice(A) :   S + MV¹/MV⁵ + O .
Passive Voice (P) : S+is/am/are+MV³+by +O.
Examples:
       A:   I eat a mango.
       P:   A mango is eaten by me.
       A:  You do not play cricket.
       P:  Cricket is not played by you.
       A: Does she write a letter?
       P: Is a letter written by her?
       A: Why do they read newspaper?
       P: Why is newspaper read?

2. Present Continuous/Progressive Tense
Structure 
(A) : S + is/am/are+MV⁴ + O .
(P) : S + is/am/are + being + MV³ + by + O .
Examples:
       A: I am eating a mango.
       P: A mango is being eaten by me.
       A: You are not playing cricket.
       P: Cricket is not being played by you.
       A: Is she writing a letter?
       P: Is a letter being written by her?
       A: Why are we reading newspapers?
       P: Why are newspapers being read?

3. Present Perfect Tense
Structure 
(A) : S + have/has + MV³ + O .
(P) : S + have/has + been + MV³ + by + O .
Examples:
       A: I have eaten a pizza.
       P: A pizza has been eaten by me.
       A: You have not played cricket.
       P: Cricket has not been played by you.
       A: Has she written a novel?
       P: Has a novel been written by her?
       A: Why has the police arrested the thief?
       P: Why has the thief been arrested?

4. Simple Past/Past Indefinite Tense 
Structure 
(A) : S + MV² + O .
(P) : S + was/were + MV³ + by + O .
Examples:
       A: I ate a pizza.
       P: A pizza was eaten by me.
       A: You did not played cricket.
       P: Cricket was not played by you.
       A: Did she wrote a novel?
       P: Was a novel written by her?
       A: Why did the police arrested the thief?
       P: Why was the thief arrested?

5. Past Continuous/Progressive Tense
Structure 
(A) : S + was/were + MV⁴ + O .
(P) : S + was/were + being + MV³ + by + O .
Examples:
       A: I was eating a mango.
       P: A mango was being eaten by me.
       A: You were not playing cricket.
       P: Cricket was not being played by you.
       A: Was she writing a letter?
       P: Was a letter being written by her?
       A: Why were we reading newspapers?
       P: Why were newspapers being read?

6. Past Perfect Tense
Structure 
(A) : S + had + MV³ + O .
(P) : S + had + been + MV³ + by + O .
Examples:
       A: I had eaten a pizza.
       P: A pizza had been eaten by me.
       A: You had not played cricket.
       P: Cricket had not been played by you.
       A: Had she written a novel?
       P: Had a novel been written by her?
       A: Why had the police arrested the thief?
       P: Why had the thief been arrested?

7. Simple Future/Future Indefinite Tense 
Structure 
(A) : S + will + MV¹ + O .
(P) : S+ will + be + MV³ + by + O .
Examples:
       A: I will eat a mango.
       P: A mango will be eaten by me.
       A: You will not play cricket.
       P: Cricket will not be played by you.
       A: Will she write a letter?
       P: Will a letter be written by her?
       A: Why will they read newspaper?
       P: Why will newspaper be read?

8. Future Perfect Tense
Structure 
(A) : S + will + have + MV³ + O .
(P) : S +will + have + been + MV³ + by + O .
Examples:
       A: I will have eaten a pizza.
       P: A pizza will have been eaten by me.
       A: You will not have played cricket.
       P: Cricket will not have been played by you.
       A: Will she have written a novel?
       P: Will a novel have been written by her?
       A: Why will the police have arrested the thief?
       P: Why will the thief have been arrested?

Voice Structures with Modals :-
(Can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to, used to, need, dare)

Structure :
(A): S + modals + MV¹ + O .
(P): S + modals + be + MV³ + by + O .
Examples:
       A: I can lift this box.
       P: This box can be lifted by me
       A: You could not play cricket.
       P: Cricket could not be played by you.
       A: Would she write a letter?
       P: Would a letter be written by her?
       A: Why should they read newspaper?
       P: Why should newspaper be read?

Structure 
(A) : S + modals + have + MV³ + O .
(P) : S +modals+ have + been + MV³ + by + O .
Examples:
       A: I must have eaten a pizza.
       P: A pizza must have been eaten by me.
       A: You may not have played cricket.
       P:Cricket may not have been played by you.
       A: Would you have written a novel?
       P: Would a novel have been written by you?
       A: Why should the police have arrested the thief?
       P: Why should the thief have been arrested?

Imperative Sentences 
Structure:
AV : Order/Command (आदेश/आज्ञा)
PV : Let + S + be + MV³ + other words .
Negative PV: Let +S+not be+MV³+other words.
Examples:
     A: Open the window.
     P: Let the window be opened.
     A: Bring a cup of tea.
     P: Let a cup of tea be brought.
     A: Don't insult the poor.
     P: Let the poor not be insulted.

AV: Advice (सलाह)
PV: Subject (Main word)+should be+MV³.
Examples:
     A: Love your country.
     P: Your country should be loved.
     A: Don't insult the poor.
     P: The poor should not be insulted.

AV: Request (sentence with please/kindly)
PV: You are requested to+MV¹+Object (Given).
or You are requested to+ Rest words except please/kindly.
Examples:
    A: Please give me a book.
    P: You are requested to give me a book.
    A: Kindly post this letter.
    P: You are requested to post this letter.

AV : order/advice of intransitive verb
PV : You are ordered/advised to + intransitive verb.
Examples:
    A: Sit down.
    P: You are ordered to sit down.
    A: Work hard.
    P: You are advised to work hard.

Infinitive Sentences (to + V¹)
AV: S + am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had + to + V¹ (infinitive) + O.
PV: Passive Subject + am/is/are/was/were/
has/have/had + to be + MV³ + by + Object.
Examples:
    A: I have to do it.
    P: It has to be done by me.
    A: I am to write a book.
    P: A book is to be written by me.


Short tricks to convert some Active Voice into Passive Voice after following all general steps:

    Active Voice                        Passive Voice
            V¹/V⁵                            is/am/are + V³
               V²                              was/were + V³
               V⁴                                 being + V³
               V³                                 been + V³
           to + V¹                            to + be +V³
       Modals+ V¹                   modals+ be + V³

Useful tips and tricks for all students by KNOWLEDGE NATION Group.

Some more useful knowledge about "Voice"

The preposition "by" is commonly used in passive voice constructions to indicate the performer of the action. However, there are other prepositions that can be used depending on the context and meaning of the sentence. Here are some examples of when to use "by" and when to use other prepositions:

1."By" is used to indicate the performer of the action in passive voice constructions. For example, in the sentence "The cake was baked by John," "by" indicates that John performed the action of baking the cake.

2."With" is used to indicate the instrument or tool used to perform the action. For example, in the sentence "The cake was baked with a wooden spoon," "with" indicates that a wooden spoon was used to bake the cake.

3."In" is used to indicate the place where the action was performed. For example, in the sentence "The cake was baked in the oven," "in" indicates that the cake was baked inside an oven.

4."On" is used to indicate the surface or object on which the action was performed. For example, in the sentence "The picture was painted on the wall," "on" indicates that the picture was painted onto the wall.

5."At" is used to indicate the time or location of the action. For example, in the sentence "The meeting was held at 2 pm," "at" indicates the time at which the meeting was held.

6."For" is used to indicate the purpose or benefit of the action. For example, in the sentence "The cake was baked for the party," "for" indicates that the cake was baked for the purpose of being served at the party.

7. "To" is used to Indicates the direction or recipient of the action.
Ex. The letter was sent to Mary.
(To" shows that Mary is the recipient of the letter.)

When choosing a preposition, it's important to consider the context and intended meaning of the sentence. Using the appropriate preposition can help clarify the relationship between the subject, verb, and object and make the sentence more clear and understandable.

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